Cold sores are blisters that appear around the mouth or on the lip. Most cold sores arise from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is highly contagious. Anywhere from 50% to 80% of people in the country have been affected by the condition, also known as oral herpes. Typically, the sores go away on their own in a few weeks, however, the symptoms can be severe the first time one is affected.

Causes
HSV is a contagious virus and is one of the primary causes of cold sores. So, when one comes in contact with someone or something that carries the virus, they may contract an infection. Sharing utensils, razors, or towels or kissing someone with the virus are common risk factors for the condition. Broadly, two types of viruses cause cold sores: HSV-1 and HSV-2, which can cause sores on the genitals or the mouth. Type 1 HSV is usually responsible for oral herpes, whereas type 2 results in genital herpes. However, either type can lead to sores in both areas. Stress, allergies, some foods, fever, fatigue, colds, periods, cosmetic surgery or dental work, and sunburn can trigger sores.

Risk factors
Usually, the cold sores are not severe. However, the infection can be severe for people with a weak immune system due to ongoing prescription treatment, a health condition, or AIDS. Cold sores might develop on larger body parts in those with severe eczema. One can avoid kissing someone with cold sores or sharing objects with them.

Symptoms
Typically, the sores develop in stages and may result in the following symptoms:

• Itching and tingling around the lips for a day before the blisters show
• Fluid-filled blisters along the outline of the lips or around the cheeks, nose, or inside the mouth
• A few small blusters might merge and burst, resulting in a shallow open sore that becomes crusty and oozes

Generally, the cold sore symptoms vary depending on whether it is a recurrence or first outbreak. The first time one develops cold sores, the symptoms might not begin to show for about 20 days following the exposure to the virus. The sores may last several days, and blisters may take two to three weeks to heal. Subsequent infections typically manifest in the same area as the first one but often exhibit milder symptoms. When dealing with an HSV-1 infection for the first time, one might experience:

• Swollen lymph nodes
• Muscle aches
• Headaches
• Sore throat
• Painful gums
• Fever

Diagnosis
Typically, a doctor can offer a cold sore diagnosis by analyzing the symptoms and carrying out a visual examination. However, in some cases (say, one has a weak immune system), they may recommend testing the sore fluid and blood.

Treatment options
After being infected, the body makes antibodies and might be able to prevent further infections. But in some, the cold sores may return. While there is no permanent cure for the condition, people with the HSV virus might not experience any outbreaks. When sores develop, doctors may recommend one of the following treatment options:

Creams and ointments: One can monitor the pain and heal sores using antiviral ointments. These topical creams work best if applied instantly after the first cold sore symptoms appear. One must reapply the cream four to five times daily for 4 to 5 days. Alternatively, one can also use a store-bought ointment that soothes the pain. However, one should consult a doctor before initiating treatment.

Prescription treatment: Oral treatment options can help fight the viral infection. Doctors may recommend prescriptions often if one experiences recurring cold sores.

Home remedies
One can also relieve the symptoms by applying cold compresses, washcloths soaked in cold water, or ice on the affected areas. Alternative treatments include using lip balm with lemon extract. Further, lysine supplements daily can also help reduce the risk of frequent outbreaks. Additionally, aloe vera gel can relieve cold sores. One can apply the gel or use an aloe vera lip balm on the affected areas at least three times every day. Petroleum jelly does not necessarily relieve the sores but can reduce discomfort by preventing cracked and dry skin. In addition, the jelly forms a protective barrier against external irritants. Another home remedy that people opt for is witch hazel, a shrub that is a natural astringent with antiviral properties helping dry and heal sores. While it may sting when applied, it stops the cold sore from spreading. Be it gels, creams, ointments, or home remedies to treat sores, one should always use a clean cotton ball or swab during application.

One should consult a healthcare professional if they notice any symptoms of cold sores. A doctor can offer appropriate treatment and care instructions to help relieve discomfort.